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The main ingredient in most plastic material is a derivative from crude oil and natural gas.

There are many different types of plastics – clear, cloudy, solid colour, flexible, rigid, soft, etc.

Plastic products are often a polymer resin which is then then mixed with a blend of additives (See polymer vs. plastic). The additives are important as each of them are used to provide plastic with targeted optimum properties such as toughness, flexibility, elasticity, colour or to make them safer and hygienic to use for a particular application (ref).

What type of plastic a product is made from can be sometimes be identified by looking at the number at the bottom of plastic containers. Some of the main types of plastic and the parent monomer is given below (Table 1). This table shows the types of plastic and the monomers that make up the plastic.

Table 1. Main polymer types, monomers and its chemical structures

Resin identification code

Polymers

Monomers

PETE

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

Ethylene glycol and Dimethyl terephthalate

HDPE

High-density polyethylene

(HDPE)

Ethylene (CH2=CH2)

*(lesser branching between polymer chains)

PVC

Polyvinyl chloride

(PVC)

Vinyl chloride (CH2=CH-Cl)

LDPE

Low-density polyethylene

(LDPE)

Ethylene (CH2=CH2)

*(excessive branching)

PP

Polypropylene

(PP)

Propylene (CH3-CH=CH2)

PS

Polystyrene

(PS)

Styrene

Others

Other plastics including acrylic, polycarbonates, polylactic acid (PLA), fibres, nylon

Different monomers are used for a particular polymer.

For instance, PLA made from Lactic acid

 

*The monomer used in LDPE and HDPE is ethylene but there is a difference in the degree of branching.

 
 
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